Camp Notes - Scoutopaedia ©, by Tom Vella-Zarb


The Axe
The Axe is Your Friend

Treat It with the Respect it Deserves

NEVER cut live trees!
The axe is a very useful tool for scouts.
Learn the names of the parts of the axe and how to take care of it properly.

Carrying an Axe

Hold it at your side with the blade pointing forward

Handing an axe from person to person

Correct way -
"A" handing it to "B"

Never this way!

Or this may happen!

Trimming a branch



Trimming a Log


Here we see the proper way to stand when cutting logs. Be careful not to swing in such a way that you can hit your legs ... and of course ... when using an axe, spectators must stay two axelengths away!


Sharpening your Axe


First use a file

Then use a whetstone



The proper way to sharpen an axe. Remember always keep your tools sharp. A dull axe is a dangerous tool.



How to replace a handle on an axe

Remove the broken handle making sure that the hole is completely empty and clean. You will note that the hole is tapered. Rasp or sand the new handle down until it is slightly oversized. Hacksaw a notch down through the length of the contact area [cut the notch the long way, because the head hole is wider at the top than at the bottom]. Then carefully tap the handle into the head hole, and once it holds the head, flip the assembly handle-up. You can now use a hammer or wood block or whatever's handy to tap sharply on the GRIP end of the HANDLE, letting everything swing head-down in midair. Once it's nested right, drive in the wedges and rasp off the slivers.


Hit the toe with a hammer or a block of wood

Grasp the axe with the head up, and hit the toe of the axe on the ground

Health and Sanitation at camp are vital
Here are some ideas on setting up a proper sanitary station


Some Notes on the Burning Properties of Woods

ALDER: Not good except when very well seasoned. Hard to chop or split.

ASH: The best wood of all. Easy to split. Burns well green or seasoned. Pleasant smell.

BEECH: Nearly, but not quite as good as Ash. Burns best seasoned, Easy to split.

BIRCH: Burns brightly but rather quickly. Very easy to split.

CHERRY: Burns brightly. Gives fierce heat. Best when-seasoned. Pleasant smell. Easy to split.

CEDAR: Burns well with good flame and heat. Easy to chop. Gives pleasant smell, but spits.

ELM: Several varieties. Burns well on good fire when well seasoned. Very poor when green, giving acrid smoke.

ELDER: Burns quickly and unpleasantly. Little heat and very acrid smell.

FIRS: All burn brightly, but spit long distances. Very easy to split.

FRUIT TREES: Nearly all very sweet smelling, but difficult to split.

HAZEL: A very satisfactory wood. Burns steadily. Easy to split.

HAWTHORNE: Difficult to handle, but burns very well when mixed with quicker firing woods.

HORNBEAM: A sound, reliable, slow-burning wood. Very hard on the axe. Gives great heat.

HORSE CHESTNUT: More or less useless. Won't burn in less than furnace heat.

HOLM OAK: Very hard to work and difficult to burn.

HOLLY: Burns very well - green or seasoned. Easy to split and pleasant smell.

LIME: Not much use except mixed in small proportion with other woods. Little flame. Hard to light.

LARCH: Burns very quickly, and spits very avidly.

MAPLE: A reliable solid wood. Hard to split.

OAK: Too valuable for Camp Fire, and too slow burning. Smoulders except when mixed. Hard to work with.

POPLAR: Splits easily, burns poorly and smells terribly.

SWEET CHESTNUT: Not much use for fires.

SYCAMORE: Can be mixed, but no good alone. Easy to work.

SPRUCE: Burns quickly, but spits a bit.

WILLOW: Burns very moderately when well seasoned. Easy to split.

YEW: Excellent if you want the fire to last the whole camp: Very hard on the axe.


Crickets and Temperature

When at camp sometimes we hear crickets chirping. Apart from the fact that the male is courting the female, they are telling us the approximate temperature.

Fahrenheit: Count the number of chirps in 15 seconds and add 40 to this number. The result is the temperature in Fahrenheit.

Celsius: Count the number of chirps in 8 seconds, and add 5 to get the temperature in Celsius.


Finding North with shadows from the Sun

Whether you are hiking or at camp, it is very useful to know where you are.
Place a stick, a staff, or a thumbstick, upright in the ground. Mark the top of the shadow it makes with a small pebble.
      
After several minutes [ten to fifteen is usually plenty] observe the shadow again.
      
It has moved! Mark the top of the shadow again with another small pebble.
The first mark represents West, and the second mark represents East.

Lay a stick or mark in some other way.
      

Finding North at Night with the Stars

At night you can rely on the stars. Try to locate some prominent constellations, e.g. the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper. With the help of these locate the North Star [Polaris], and that will give you your bearing.



Finding North using your Analog Watch

In daylight you can use your "old style" analog watch. In the Northern Hemisphere, just lay the watch on a flat surface with the Hour hand pointing to the Sun. Now bisect [divide in two] the angle between the hour hand and the 12 and this imaginary line points to the North.


If you are in the Southern hemisphere, point the 12 to the Sun. Bisect the angle between the hour hand and the 12, and this imaginary line will point ot the North.




Finding North using a Digital Watch

You have no idea what an analog watch looks like!!!! Well, then all is not lost. Draw a circle in the ground or sand. Place a stick upright in the middle of it and look at the stick's shadow. Now, pretend the shadow is the hour hand of a big clock and pretend that it's pointing to the current hour. Look at your digital watch and mark the point where the shadow cuts the circle with the hour your watch says [12 hour watch not 24 hour reading].
Divide the circle into 12 equal sectors as in a real analog clock.
Mark each point with a number from 1 to 12 - remember you already have marked one of them.
From the 12 oclock mark to the point where the shadow cuts the circle, draw a line and divide it in half. Place a mark there. A line from the centre of the circle [where the stick was placed] to this mark points to the NORTH. (This line is the line that divides the angle between 12 o'clock and the current hour in half.)

These methods work well in Standard time. If you live in a place where you go on daylight saving time in the summer months, move the time to Standard time when you are doing this.


Here are Some More Random Ideas for Camp


Fry your eggs in Canning rings for egg sandwiches, English Muffins or Hamburger buns.
If you don't have canning rings, cut off top and bottom of tuna cans.
Take a large zip lock plastic bag with you: filled with air you can use it as a pillow.
Drill a hole in the bottom of the outer nested poles and put a screw in to stop inner poles from sliding out.
Get a 1 lb. coffee can and a 2 lb. coffee can. Bend a coat hanger so it will support the 1 lb. coffee can inside the 2 lb. can. This will make a double boiler for melting paraffin. Pour water in the outer can and put the paraffin in the inner can.
Waterproof matches by dipping in (1) melted paraffin, (2) shellac, (3) nail polish.
Making fire starters (1) fill paper condiment cups with saw dust and pour paraffin into the cup, (2) put matches in corrugated cardboard strips [about every other hole] and dip into paraffin - cut off what you need to start a fire (3) roll newspapers into 1 or 2 inch diameter rolls - tie every two inches - cut - insert a match in each - dip in melted paraffin, (4) fill egg carton cups with lint from the dryer and pour melted paraffin over the lint. Break the cup off to start each fire, (5) Soak charcoal briquettes in paraffin.
Play it safe - Keep matches in prescription bottles or in 35mm film containers.
Grills from old ovens can be used for fire grills. [Warning - grills from refrigerators should NOT be used as some of these produce noxious gases when heated!]
Use a frisbee to add support to paper plates.
Make a slit in a garbage bag large enough to let your head through to make an emergency poncho.
Save the little plastic tags from bread and bun packages - they are great for pinning up wet bathing suits and towels at camp, and they take up a lot less packing space than clothes pins.
Save waxed-paper milk cartons: - make a drinking cup by cutting off the carton about three inches from the bottom. - make a water scoop by cutting off the top. - cut a container into slivers, wrap them in plastic and put them in your pocket for emergency kindling on a camping or hiking trip. - make a leak-proof mini-garbage can by opening up the top of the container and putting in your scraps.
Keep your toilet roll dry by packing it in a coffee tin with a snap-on lid.
Run candle stubs along the edge of a saw to help it glide better.
Before starting to sew a tough material like denim or canvas, stick the needle into a bar of soap, or a candle stub. The coating will help the needle slide more easily through the fabric.
Use candle stubs as fire starters.
Keep a dry bar of soap in your sleeping bag to combat musty odours which develop during damp-season camping.
Use baking soda instead of soap to wash your hands to remove the sticky sap after handling evergreens or pine cones.
Try using a 35mm film cannister, or prescription bottle, when collecting insect specimens. A drop of alcohol makes them fine killing jars. Label with tape and keep the specimen in it.
To remove musty smell from canteen, put three teaspoons of baking soda into the canteen with a bit of water. Swish it around and let sit for an hour, then rinse out the canteen.
A rope tied to a bleach bottle with an inch of water in it will make an effective water rescue throw line.
Save inner cardboard tubes from kitchen and toilet rolls, stuff with waste paper and use as fire-lighters.
Toast burned? Just rub two slices together and the burnt parts will rub off leaving two good pieces of toast to enjoy.
Don’t discard rubber gloves - cut into thin strips to create various sized rubber bands.
Did you know that the egg whites left in empty egg shells makes good glue ? Use it for scrapbooks, etc.
When using a bucket for a messy job, line it with a plastic bag which can be thrown away afterwards.
Slit a piece of old garden hose lengthwise to use as a sheath for your saw or axe, use twist ties to hold it on the saw blade or axe.
Pant legs from old jeans can be made into handy stuff sacks by sewing up one end, and possibly running a drawstring at the other end.
Mark your dining tarps dimensions on the edge so you know which tarp is which without having to unfold them.
Never cut rope unnecessarily
Mark each length of rope with a distinctive colour denoting the length, and use the closest length you need.
When it comes time to pack up at the end of a camp, a wet toothbrush, face cloth and bar of soap wrapped in foil won't dampen the other things in your kit.

Secret Codes for Communicating

What boy can resist sending messages in code and deciphering messages he receives in code.



Morse Code

Of course the Semaphore and the Morse Codes, even if they are not so popular now, are loads of fun.This is just a simple substitution code but can be sent across the miles using a transmitter! Morse code can be sent by sight, sound, and of course may be written. It is very versatile.


A B C D E
F G H I J
K L M N O
P Q R S T
U V W X Y
Z NumeralErase
12345
67890

Morse Code is sometimes written with a slash (/) between letters, to stop you from getting the letters confused. A double slash (//) means a break between words.



Semaphore Signalling

This makes use of two semaphores - flags - but sticks, or just one's arms work quite well. The signaller stands with feet slightly apart and sends the message [read to him one letter at a time by an assistant] The reader looks in the direction of the signaller, and reads the signals one letter at a time, while an assistant writes them down.

And here is a message for you



Pigpen Code

On a piece of paper draw two grids and then write the alphabet, two letters at a time in the spaces, as follows:

To write a letter choose the enclosure - "pigpen" - it is in, and place a dot if it is the second letter in that enclosure,
thus A is B is D is J is I is and S is



B-P Code

A very old code used by Scouts, probably devised by B-P himself is a simple code that is very hard to crack unless one knows the pattern. On a 5 x 5 grid, write a five letter word in the top spaces, e.g. SCOUT. (You may also use any size word simply write the letters in the spaces.) Then Write the rest of the alphabet, omitting the ones already used, to fill the rest of the grid, with I and J written in the same square. To send a message first write it out and divide into two letter groups. If a group ends up in two similar letters, insert another letter such as X. Now to code the message, examine where each set of two letters is in the grid and write the two letters that form the opposite corners .. if the letters are in the same row, take the letters below .. if they are in the same columns, take the letters next to them .. It is easier to do than to explain .. So, you and your buddy decide upon a Key word to start the code and you can change it every time around. When the message is received the recipient just follows the opposite pattern, if the two letters are on the corners of a rectangle, they use the opposite ones, etc.


S C O U T
A B D E F
G H IJ K L
M N P Q R
V W X Y Z
Example: I wish to send this message - WE ARE GOING CAMPING ON FRIDAY. I then divide it in twos, and add an X to make up for the single letter. Thus: WE AR EG OI NG CA MP IN GO NF RI DA YX

This is sent as: YB FM AK SB VX HP IS RB PL IG UO


Block Code

Write your message in a block, say four or five letters wide, and as long as it takes. Then send the message by writing the letters column by column. Agree with your recipient on the size of the grid and it should be fun.
H E R E
I S A S
I M P L
E M E S
S A G E
T O B E
S E N T
The message is written, column by column and sent as follows: HIIESTSESMMAOERAPEGBNESLSEET


Substitutions

This is the old time substitution of a letter with another. One can use a reverse alphabet, or half of the alphabet reversed, or select which letters substitute for which. Have fun.


Invisible Inks

This excites the younger ones most. All that is needed is lemon juice, or milk. Writing on a white paper one can see the writing while it is still wet. Then it disappears. To decipher it, simple warm the paper and voila the writing appears!!


Now for some nostalgia, for the "older viewer". I have come across a Catalogue dated 1927, published by the Canadian General Council of the Boy Scouts Association, Ottawa, Canada. In it there are sketches of many items for sale, as well as some useful information. Here you wil find some information of the use of the Scout Staff. Enjoy:



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